Accounting 0452/23 October/November 2022: question paper and mark scheme
Cambridge IGCSE Accounting (0452), Paper 2, October/November 2022. Read both free below, or download them. Done the paper? Get it marked by AI against this mark scheme.
Anika owns property which she rents out to university students. She has made a consistent profit for each year she has been in business. Her trial balance at 31 August 2022 was as follows.
Debit Credit
$ $
Capital 400 000
Rent receivable 162 000
General expenses 26 500
Bank 39 400
Rates 38 200
Insurance 12 400
Repairs 32 000
Drawings 18 500
Non-current assets at cost
Premises 418 000
Fittings 90 000
Provision for depreciation of non-current assets
Premises 42 000
Fittings 71 000
675 000 675 000
Additional information
1 At 31 August 2022, rent received of $8100 has been paid in advance.
2 At 31 August 2022, general expenses of $1300 have been paid in advance and rates of
$3400 were owing.
3 The insurance includes $1800 paid for the 15 month period ending 30 November 2022.
4 Expenditure of $9000 for new fittings has been recorded in repairs.
5 Depreciation is to be provided as follows:
Premises by equal instalments on cost each year over a 50 year period
Fittings 20% per annum by the reducing balance method
A full year’s depreciation is charged on fittings during the year of purchase.
REQUIRED
(a) Prepare the income statement of Anika for the year ended 31 August 2022.
Anika
Income Statement for the year ended 31 August 2022
$ $
Workings:
[9]
(b) Prepare the capital account for the year ended 31 August 2022 showing the balance brought down at 1 September 2022.
Anika
Capital account
Date Details $ Date Details $
[3]
Anika plans to buy more property to rent out. She will need additional capital for this. She has savings earning 3% per annum which she could use for the additional capital. Alternatively, she could invite Janos, a builder, to provide the capital and join her to form a partnership.
REQUIRED
(c) Advise Anika on her plans and whether she should provide her own additional capital or form a partnership with Janos. Justify your answer.
…… [5]
(d) Explain to Anika the difference between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure. Why is this difference between the two important when preparing the financial statements?
…… [3]
[Total: 20]
Mark scheme
1(a) Anika 9
Income Statement for the year ended 31 August 2022
$ $
Rent receivable (162 000 (1) – 8 100 (1)) 153 900
Less Expenses
General expenses (26 500 – 1 300) 25 200 (1)
Rates (38 200 + 3 400) 41 600 (1)
Insurance (12 400 – 360) 12 040 (1)
Repairs (32 000 – 9 000) 23 000 (1)
Depreciation – Premises (418 000 / 50) 8 360 (1)
Fittings (28 000 × 20%) 5 600 (1) 115 800
Profit for the year 38 100 (1) OF
1(b) Anika 3
Capital account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2022 2021
Aug 31 Drawings 18 500 (1) Sep 1 Balance b/d 400 000
Balance c/d 419 600 2022
Aug 31 Profit for year 38 100 (1) OF
438 100 438 100
2022
Sep 1 Balance b/d 419 600 (1) OF
1(c) Using own capital 5
Consistent profit each year which is greater than 3% interest on savings (1)
More capital will be at risk (1)
Need to consider if additional capital provides a similar/greater return (1)
If there is no demand for additional property in the area the return on her investment will fall (1)
Would still be entitled to the whole profit (1)
Would maintain control/no need to consult on decision-making (1)
Accept other valid points
Max (2)
Forming a partnership with Janos
Janos’ skills may be useful in the business (1)
Janos would introduce additional capital (1)
Profit would be shared with Janos (1)
Risks would be shared with Janos (1)
Responsibilities would be shared with Janos (1)
Disagreements may arise (1)
Personal savings can be maintained/additional funds not at risk in the business (1)
Accept other valid points
Max (2)
Recommendation (1)
1(d) Capital expenditure is money spent on non-current assets: revenue expenditure is money spent on day-to day expenses 3
(1)
Capital expenditure lasts more than 12 months: revenue expenditure is used up in less than 12 months (1)
Max (1)
Importance of correct classification
Including capital expenditure in income statement Profit for year understated (1)
Including revenue expenditure in statement of financial position Profit for year overstated (1)
Including capital expenditure in income statement Non-current assets understated (1)
Including revenue expenditure in statement of financial position Non-current assets overstated (1)
Max (2)
Rasheed started a business on 1 October 2021. He maintains a petty cash book in the business.
A monthly imprest of $100 is restored on the first day of each month.
REQUIRED
(a) State two advantages of maintaining a petty cash book.
1 ……
2 ……
…… [2]
Rasheed’s transactions for the month of September 2022 were as follows.
$
September 2 Paid taxi fare 12
7 Paid purchases ledger account of Crystal 16
13 Bought postage stamps 10
18 Paid purchases ledger account of Kalpa 15
25 Paid bus fare 5
29 Paid cleaner 28
REQUIRED
(b) Complete Rasheed’s petty cash book for the month of September 2022 on the next page.
Balance the petty cash book and bring down the balance on 1 October 2022. Clearly show the amount required to restore the imprest.
[8]
Rasheed – Petty Cash Book
Total Date Details Total Travel Postage Cleaning Ledger
Received paid accounts
$ 2022 $ $ $ $ $
100 September 1 Cash …… …… …… …… ……
7
(c) Record the entries which would be made in the following accounts in September 2022. It is not necessary to total or balance the accounts.
Rasheed
Postage account
Date Details $ Date Details $
Purchases ledger
Crystal account
Date Details $ Date Details $
[2]
At the end of his first year in business Rasheed had a closing inventory of $8600.
REQUIRED
(d) Prepare the inventory account at 30 September 2022. Balance the account and bring down the balance on 1 October 2022.
Rasheed
Inventory account
Date Details $ Date Details $
[2]
(e) At the end of his first year in business Rasheed would like to compare his financial performance with other businesses. Explain to Rasheed three problems of inter-firm comparison.
1 ……
2 ……
3 ……
[6]
[Total: 20]
Mark scheme
2(a) Reduces number of entries in main cash book (1) 2
Reduces the number of entries in ledger accounts (1)
Allows chief cashier to delegate work/enables him/her to concentrate on more important tasks (1)
Can provide training for junior employee (1)
Accept other valid points
Max (2)
2(b) Rasheed – Petty Cash Book 8
Total Date Details Total Travel Postage Cleaning Ledger
Received Paid accounts
$ 2022 $ $ $ $ $
100 Sept 1 Cash
2 Taxi fare 12 12 (1)
7 Crystal 16 16 (1)
13 Postage stamps 10 10 (1)
18 Kalpa 15 15 (1)
25 Bus fare 5 5 (1)
29 Cleaner _28 __ __ 28 __ (1)
86 17 10 28 31 (1)OF
___ 30 Balance c/d 14
100 100
14}(1)* Oct 1 Balance b/d
86}OF Cash/Bank
* For both balance and restoration OF
2(c) Rasheed 2
Postages account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2022 2022
Sep 30 Petty cash 10 (1)
Purchases ledger
Crystal account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2022 2022
Sep 7 Petty cash 16 (1)
OR Sep 30
2(d) Rasheed 2
Inventory account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2022 2022
Sep 30 Income statement 8 600 (1) Sep 30 Balance c/d 8 600
8 600 8 600
Oct 1 Balance b/d 8 600 (1)
2(e) Must compare with business in same trade (1) 6
Businesses in different trades will have different profit margins, types of assets and expenses etc. (1)
Must compare with a business of approximately the same size /same amount of capital (1)
Size of business can affect purchasing power, amount and type of non-current assets etc. (1)
Must compare with same type of business organisation (1)
Must compare with a sole trader business as a company and a partnership may have different types of costs and have to
appropriate the profit between owners (1)
Financial statements will not contain non-monetary items (1)
Factors such as goodwill, location, skill of workforce, staff morale etc. are not disclosed (1)
Only a limited amount of information will be available/may be difficult to obtain information about other businesses (1)
The age of non-current assets, average inventory, future plans, budgets, etc. are not available (1)
Businesses may use different accounting policies (1)
Different methods of deprecation may be used which affect profits and value of non-current assets (1)
Businesses may use different operating policies (1)
Renting/owning premises, using funds from loans/capital, selling on credit/ cash affect the business performance (1)
Financial years may end on different dates (1)
One business may have year-end when inventory is low/high which affect profit calculations and assets (1)
Should compare with business which has been established for approximately same amount of time (1)
Longer-established businesses have had time to build up goodwill and no more start-up costs (1)
Up to (2) each for any 3 aspects of problems of comparison.
The following balances have been taken from the accounts of RB, a trader.
1 April 2021 31 March 2022
$ $
Insurance 2500 prepaid 850 prepaid
Commission receivable 700 owing 630 owing
The following transactions relate to the year ended 31 March 2022. All receipts and payments were through the bank account.
$
Insurance paid 15 300
Insurance refund 600
Commission receivable 7 200
REQUIRED
(a) Prepare the following ledger accounts for the year ended 31 March 2022. Balance the accounts and bring down the balances on 1 April 2022.
RB
Insurance account
Date Details $ Date Details $
Commission receivable account
Date Details $ Date Details $
[8]
(b) Prepare the entries for insurance and commission receivable in RB’s statement of financial position at 31 March 2022.
RB
Extract from statement of financial position at 31 March 2022
…… [2]
(c) Explain why the matching principle is important in the preparation of RB’s income statement.
…… [3]
RB has arranged with his suppliers to receive a 25% trade discount off list price and a 2% cash discount. The cash discount is only for payments made within 10 days.
On 5 March 2022 RB received an invoice from JP for the supply of goods with a list price of $3000.
The invoice was paid on 13 March 2022.
REQUIRED
(d) Calculate each of the following:
(i) the trade discount
…… [1]
(ii) the cash discount
…… [1]
(iii) the amount paid to the supplier JP
…… [1]
(e) Complete the table below indicating with a tick (✓) the effect of each type of discount on gross profit and profit for the year.
Discount allowed
increase decrease no effect
gross profit
profit for the year
Discount received
increase decrease no effect
gross profit
profit for the year
[4]
[Total: 20]
Mark scheme
3(a) RB 8
Insurance account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2021 2022
Apr 1 Balance b/d 2 500 (1) Mar 31 Bank 600 (1)
2022 Income statement 16 350 (1) OF
Mar 31 Bank 15 300 (1) Balance c/d 850
17 800 17 800
Apr 1 Balance b/d 850 **
Commission receivable account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2021 2022
Apr 1 Balance b/d 700 (1) Mar 31 Bank 7 200 (1)
2022 Balance c/d 630
Mar 31 Income statement 7 130 (1) OF
7 830 7 830
Apr 1 Balance b/d 630 **(1)
For both
3(b) RB 2
Extract from Statement of financial position at 31 March 2022
Current assets (1) $
Other receivables (850 + 630) 1480 (1)
OR
Current assets (1)
Insurance prepaid 850 }(1)
Commission receivable accrued 630 }
3(c) Ensures the correct amount of revenue and expenses for the period are entered in the income statement (1) 3
Ensures that the revenue and expenses are not under or over -stated (1)
Ensures that the profit for the year is correctly calculated/is not over or under-stated (1)
Ensures that profitability ratios can be relied upon/more accurate decision-making (1)
Max (3)
3(d)(i) $3000 × 25% = $750 (1) 1
3(d)(ii) $2250 × 2% = $45 (1) 1
3(d)(iii) ($3000 – $750) = $2250 1
$2250 – $45 = $2205 (1) OF
3(e) Discount allowed 4
increase decrease no effect
gross profit Π (1)
profit for the year Π (1)
Discount received
increase decrease no effect
gross profit Π (1)
profit for the year Π (1)
The following information is taken from the statement of financial position of C Limited at
1 September 2021.
$
5% Debentures (2024) 60 000
Equity
Ordinary share capital ($0.50) 240 000
General reserve 36 000
Retained earnings 22 000
During the year ended 31 August 2022:
A final dividend payment of $12 000 was made for the year ended 31 August 2021.
An interim dividend payment of $0.02 per share was made for the year ended 31 August 2022.
A transfer of $11 000 was made to general reserve.
At 31 August 2022 the company proposed a final dividend of $10 000 for the year ended
31 August 2022.
The revenue for the year ended 31 August 2022 was $310 000 and the profit (before debenture interest) was $23 000.
REQUIRED
(a) Prepare the statement for the changes in equity for the year ended 31 August 2022.
C Limited
Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended 31 August 2022
Details Share General Retained Total capital reserve earnings
$ $ $ $
[7]
(b) Calculate to two decimal places the return on capital employed for the year ended
31 August 2022. (Use closing capital employed).
…… [4]
(c) (i) Calculate to two decimal places the profit margin for the year.
……[2]
(ii) Suggest two ways in which the profit margin could be improved.
1 ……
2 ……
[2]
C Limited plans to buy additional premises. Two options are being considered to raise the finance required.
Option 1
Issue 6% debentures to raise $65 000
Option 2
Issue additional ordinary shares to raise $65 000
REQUIRED
(d) Evaluate the two options and advise the company on which one they should choose. Justify your answer.
…… [5]
[Total: 20]
Mark scheme
4(a) C Limited 7
Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended 31 August 2022
Details Share General Retained Total
Capital reserve earnings
$ $ $ $
On 1 September 2021 240 000 36 000 22 000 298 000 (1) row
Profit for the year 20 000 20 000 (1) row
Dividend paid (final) (12 000) (12 000) (1) row
Dividend paid (interim) (9 600)(1) (9 600)(1)OF
Transfer to general reserve 11 000 (11 000) (1) row
On 31 August 2022 240 000 47 000 9 400 296 400 (1) OF
row
4(b) 23 000 (1) 100 4
× = 6.45% (1) OF
296 400 (1) OF + 60 000 (1) 1
4(c)(i) 20 000 100 2
× (1) whole formula = 6.45% (1) OF
310 000 1
4(c)(ii) Increase the gross margin (1) 2
Reduce expenses (1)
Increase other income (1)
Max (2)
4(d) Option 1 – issue debentures 5
Annual interest will have to be paid (1)
Interest has to be paid irrespective of profit (1)
Are a long term liability/must be repaid (1)
Are paid before ordinary shareholders in event of winding up (1)
Debenture holders are not members of the company (1)
Debenture holders may require security/have claim on non-current assets in case of non-repayment (1)
Accept other valid points
Max (2)
Option 2 – issue additional ordinary shares
Have to consider if all the extra shares can be sold (1)
Shareholders will expect to receive a dividend (1)
Share dividend is not fixed and may depend on the level of profits (1)
Last to be paid in event of winding up (1)
May dilute current shareholders control / Carry same voting rights as existing shareholders (1)
Accept other valid points
Max (2)
Recommendation (1)
NT started in business on 1 September 2020. All sales are on credit and payment is required from customers within 25 days.
On 5 May 2021, LW a trade receivable was declared bankrupt and a debt of $600 was written off as irrecoverable at that date.
REQUIRED
(a) Prepare a journal entry to write off the amount owed by LW. A narrative is required.
NT
General Journal
Date Details Debit Credit
$ $
[3]
In addition to the irrecoverable debt of LW, other irrecoverable debts of $4100 were written off during the year ended 31 August 2021. Trade receivables at 31 August 2021 were $91 500 and
NT decided to create a provision for doubtful debts of 5% of trade receivables.
REQUIRED
(b) Prepare an extract from the expenses section of NT’s income statement for the year ended
31 August 2021.
NT
Extract from income statement for the year ended 31 August 2021
…… [2]
(c) Prepare an extract from the assets section of NT’s statement of financial position at
31 August 2021.
NT
Extract from statement of financial position at 31 August 2021
…… [2]
During the financial year ended 31 August 2022, PB a trade receivable who owed $7000 had been declared bankrupt. On 17 July 2022, NT received payment of $2500 by cheque in final settlement of the debt. The remainder of the debt was written off as irrecoverable.
Other irrecoverable debts of $8400 were written off at 31 August 2022. The remaining trade receivables at 31 August 2022 were $110 000 and NT decided to maintain the provision for doubtful debts at 5% of trade receivables.
REQUIRED
(d) Prepare the following ledger accounts for the year ended 31 August 2022. Bring down the balance on 1 September 2022, where appropriate.
NT ledger accounts
PB account
Date Details $ Date Details $
Irrecoverable debts account
Date Details $ Date Details $
Provision for doubtful debts account
Date Details $ Date Details $
[8]
NT is concerned at the increase in irrecoverable debts during the second year of business. To reduce irrecoverable debts, he is planning to introduce one of the two following options.
Option 1: To charge interest on all debts not paid within his standard terms of payment of 25 days.
Option 2: To stop supplies to all customers who do not pay within his standard terms of payment of
25 days.
(e) Advise NT on which option he should introduce. Justify your answer.
…… [5]
[Total: 20]
Mark scheme
5(a) NT 3
General Journal
Date Details Debit Credit
$ $
May 5 Irrecoverable debts 600 (1)
LW 600 (1)
Account written off as irrecoverable (1)
5(b) NT 2
Extract from income statement for the year ended 31 August 2021
$
Irrecoverable debts (600 + 4100) 4 700 (1)
Provision for doubtful debts (91 500 × 5%) 4 575 (1)
5(c) NT 2
Extract from statement of financial position at 31 August 2021
Current assets** $
Trade receivables 91 500
Less Provision for doubtful debts 4 575 (1) OF
86 925 OF **(1) For heading + OF total
5(d) NT Ledger accounts 8
PB account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2022 2022
* Balance b/d 7 000 July 17 Bank 2 500 } (1)
Irrecoverable debts 4 500 }
7 000 7 000
Irrecoverable debts account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2022 2022
July 17 PB 4 500 (1) OF Aug 31 Income statement 12 900 (1) OF
Aug 31 Trade receivables/
debts written off 8 400 (1)
12 900 12 900
Provision for doubtful debts account
Date Details $ Date Details $
2022 2021
Aug 31 Balance c/d 5 500 Sep 1 Balance b/d 4 575 (1) OF
2022
Aug 31 Income statement 925 (1) OF
5 500 5 500
Sep 1 Balance b/d 5 500 (1)
* No specific date specified
+ (1) Dates
5(e) Option 1 – charge interest 5
Customers may go elsewhere/competitors may offer better terms/sales may decrease (1)
Customers may not be prepared to pay the interest (1)
May damage relationship with customers (1)
Customers may pay on time/may be encouraged to pay on time to avoid interest charges (1)
Profit/income will be increased because of interest received (1)
Increase in administration costs (1)
Accept other valid points
Max (2)
Option 2 – stop supplies
Overdue balances may never be paid and have to be written off (1)
Customers may go elsewhere/ competitors may offer better terms/sales may decrease (1)
May damage relationship with customers (1)
Accept other valid points
Max (2)
Recommendation (1)
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Accounting 0452/23 for October/November 2022 is out of 100 marks, with 1 hour 45 minutes to answer it, across 5 questions.
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