Economics 9708/32 February/March 2021: question paper and mark scheme

Question

Over time the average total cost curve of a firm is lowered. Which form of efficiency does this represent? A allocative B dynamic C Pareto D productive

Question

The diagram shows the private and social marginal costs and benefits curves for the antibiotics market. The market equilibrium is at point X. cost MPC = MSC benefit P1 X P MSB MPB O Q Q1 output Why does market failure occur? A There is overconsumption and overpricing. B There is overproduction and under-pricing. C There is underconsumption and under-pricing. D There is underproduction and overpricing.

Question

The table shows the results of a cost-benefit analysis of the construction of a new airport. US$ million private cost 400 private benefit 440 social cost 450 social benefit 480 What is the total value, in US$ million, of all the externalities created by construction of the new airport? A 30 B 40 C 50 D 90

Question

A utility-maximising consumer has a fixed income and can choose between good X and good Y. The diagram shows her budget line and different consumption combinations (F, G, H, J, K and L) of products X and Y. F good G Y J H K L O good X Which consumption combinations are currently available to her? A F, G, H and L B F, G, J, and L C G, J and L only D G, H, J and L

Question

Rational consumer Romesh spent 90 rupees buying herb X and spice Y. Both cost 10 rupees per gram. grams total utility total utility purchased herb X spice Y 2 15 12 3 30 25 4 45 35 5 55 42 How much of each should he buy? herb X spice Y (grams) (grams) A 2 3 B 3 5 C 4 5 D 5 4

Question

In the diagram, TC is a firm’s short-run total cost curve. TC costs O Q1 Q2 Q3 output Which statement is correct? A Average total cost is minimised at output OQ3. B Average variable cost is minimised at output OQ2. C Average variable cost is minimised at output OQ3. D Marginal cost is minimised at output OQ1.

Question

What is correct about cartels? A They are a form of trade union restrictive practice. B They are a type of industrial merger. C They are often subject to government investigation. D They establish a vertical link between firms.

Question

When output increases in the short run, which statement is correct? A Average fixed cost first falls and then, beyond some point, rises. B Average variable cost increases as soon as the law of diminishing marginal returns begins to operate. C The minimum point of the average total cost curve occurs at a greater level of output than the minimum point of the average variable cost curve. D When marginal cost reaches its minimum point, average variable cost must be greater than average fixed cost.

Question

The diagram shows a competitive industry facing constant marginal and average costs. In equilibrium its output is OQC and its price is OPC. A series of horizontal mergers generate economies of scale and create a monopoly in the industry. The new equilibrium output is OQM and price is OPM. price PM W PC MCC = ACC X Z MCM = ACM MRM DC = ARM O QM QC quantity Which area represents the producer surplus after these mergers? A W B W+X C W+X–Z D X

Question

A firm that controlled over 50% of the market successfully merges with its main competitor to form one large company. What is the most likely reason why, from the firm’s point of view, the merger will fail? A a fall in consumer surplus B cost of funding the merger C economies of scale D market dominance

Question

The diagram shows a monopolist’s cost and revenue curves. cost, MC revenue ATC P1 P2 AR O Q1 Q2 MR output The monopolist changes its price from P1 to P2 and its output from Q1 to Q2. Which change in objective is indicated by the move from P1 to P2? A profit maximisation to sales revenue maximisation B profit maximisation to sales maximisation subject to earning a normal profit C sales revenue maximisation to profit maximisation D sales revenue maximisation to sales maximisation subject to earning a normal profit

Question

The diagram shows the demand curve for a firm’s product. price D O quantity Which diagram depicts the shape of the firm’s corresponding total revenue (TR) curve? A B C D TR TR price price price price TR TR O quantity O quantity O quantity O quantity

Question

A government is attempting to achieve allocative efficiency in a nationalised industry. price $ W X Y AC Z MC MR AR O quantity What will the government do? A It will set price at W and make sub normal profit. B It will set price at X and the firm will make supernormal profits. C It will set price at Y and make normal profits. D It will set price at Z and make a loss.

Question

The diagram shows a sign beside a busy road. This road was recently cleared of 17 bags of litter. Clearing litter puts lives at risk. What is this an example of? A free good B government regulation C merit good D nudge theory

Question

Recent research has shown that consumption of some foods might be harmful. A government committee considers how to intervene in the markets. Which intervention is most likely to reduce consumption of these foods without reducing income equality? A a minimum price for the harmful foods B a subsidy for substitute foods C an ad valorem tax on the harmful foods D an indirect tax on the harmful foods

Question

In which circumstances is a poverty trap least likely to operate? A A female worker is paid less than a male worker for doing the same job. B A worker is paid the minimum wage and refuses a higher paid job because net income is lower after tax. C A worker refuses higher paid work as it means more expensive travel and childcare costs. D An unemployed worker refuses a job because earnings are less than unemployment benefit.

Question

What would be most likely to cause the demand for labour in an industry to be inelastic? A Labour costs are a small percentage of total cost. B The demand for the final product has a price elasticity of demand that is greater than one. C The workforce belongs to a strong trade union. D There is a large pool of readily available labour.

Question

Which influence is least likely to promote sustainable economic growth in a developing economy? A high saving rates B involvement in free trade C protected property rights D rapid population growth

Question

Governments are interested in providing statistics on the standard of living. They measure the value of material goods and services. Non-material characteristics that affect the standard of living cannot easily be measured. What is an example of a non-material characteristic? A the failure to include unpaid work in the home B the freedom to make informed economic choices C the proportion of GNP used for weapons of war D the removal of taxes from all forms of consumer expenditure

Question

The diagram shows Lorenz curves for a developed economy. 100 cumulative % of income Y X 0 100 cumulative % of households Which combination of supply-side policies would shift the Lorenz curve from X to Y? top rate of national education income tax minimum wage A increase free increase B increase students pay abolish C reduce free abolish D reduce students pay increase

Question

Two members of the Hernandez family have recently become unemployed. Mariana has lost her job at the local factory, which has closed because of competition from cheaper imports. Alfonso has lost his job as a shop assistant because the sales have dropped during a recession. How would an economist classify these job losses? Mariana Alfonso A frictional unemployment seasonal unemployment B regional unemployment frictional unemployment C structural unemployment cyclical unemployment D technological unemployment structural unemployment

Question

Which combination of fiscal, monetary and supply-side policies is most likely to reduce unemployment? fiscal policy monetary policy supply-side policy A increasing increasing increasing flexibility taxation interest rate in the labour market B increasing decreasing the increasing education government expenditure money supply and training C decreasing decreasing increasing flexibility taxation interest rate in the labour market D decreasing increasing the increasing education government expenditure money supply and training

Question

Which policy combination will reduce the level of national income by the greatest amount? A decrease direct taxation and increase interest rates B decrease direct taxation and increase quantitative easing C increase direct taxation and increase interest rates D increase direct taxation and increase quantitative easing

Question

In a closed economy, the marginal propensity to save is 0.1 and the marginal propensity to pay taxes is also 0.1. These values are constant and do not vary with the level of income. What will be the increase in national income if there is an injection of $100 million into the circular flow? A $1000 million B $500 million C $100 million D $80 million

Question

Which combination is consistent with liquidity preference theory? type of demand determined by determined by for money interest rates changes in income A speculative yes no B speculative no yes C transactions no no D transactions yes no

Question

What is assumed by Keynesians? A An increase in supply always creates an equal increase in demand. B Government intervention is required to manage the economy. C Prices always adjust so that markets clear. D The economy always has full employment.

Question

Which row correctly identifies injections into a country’s circular flow of income? private sector public sector trade sector (S > I) (T > G) (X > M) A no no no B no no yes C yes no no D yes yes yes

Question

Which policy by developed economies would be most beneficial for developing economies? A a ban on resource exploration by mining companies in developing economies B restrictions on investment by global firms in developing economies C the removal of restrictions on emigration of skilled labour from developing economies D the withdrawal of agricultural subsidies in developed economies

Question

The natural rate of unemployment in an economy is 5%. What will happen if a government persists in trying to achieve a target rate of unemployment of 3% by expansionary monetary policy? A an accelerating rate of inflation B a diminishing rate of inflation C a high but constant rate of inflation D a negative rate of inflation

Question

What is a reflationary fiscal measure? A increasing government spending B increasing taxes C increasing the money supply D reducing interest rates