Economics 9708/31 May/June 2019: question paper and mark scheme

Question

When can an economy be said to be economically inefficient? A when it is possible to make some people better off without making other people worse off B when the distribution of income is socially unacceptable C when the government sector is growing at the expense of the private sector D when wage rates rise faster than production

Question

The diagram shows cost and benefit curves for a good in a free market. MPC cost, benefit ($) MSC P4 P2 P3 P1 MSB MPB O Q2 Q4 Q1 Q3 quantity Which combination is correct? social optimal actual output level of output A P1Q1 P3Q3 B P2Q2 P3Q3 C P2Q2 P4Q4 D P3Q3 P4Q4

Question

A food processing firm discharges waste water into the lake next to its factory. What would reduce the difference between the private cost and the social cost of the firm’s actions? A Local residents are given the right to buy the firm’s food at a discount. B The government subsidises the food processing firm. C The lake is bought by the food processing firm. D The waste water flows from the lake into the sea.

Question

The diagram shows attainable indifference curves, I1 and I2, for good X and good Y. Which point represents the highest level of satisfaction currently attainable? good Y C B A D I2 I1 O good X

Question

The table shows the substitution effect and income effect for a Giffen good and an inferior good as the price of the good changes. Which combination is correct? demand change from demand change from type of good price change substitution effect income effect A Giffen fall positive negative B Giffen rise positive positive C inferior fall negative negative D inferior rise negative negative

Question

A consumer demands two goods, X and Y. The indifference curve diagram shows the effect of a change in the price of one of these goods on the consumer’s equilibrium. good Y I2 I1 O good X Which demand curve is consistent with the diagram? A B price of price of good Y good Y O quantity O quantity of good Y of good Y C D price of price of good X good X O quantity O quantity of good X of good X

Question

In many developed economies, large and small firms often exist side by side in the same industry. What is most likely to explain the survival of the small firms? A They each offer a much wider range of products. B They have a higher minimum efficient scale. C They pay much higher wages to their staff. D They provide a more personal level of consumer service.

Question

The diagram shows short-run (SRAC) and long-run (LRAC) cost curves for a firm. price, cost SRAC1 SRAC3 SRAC2 LRAC O Q output Which statement is correct? A When each of the three SRAC curves is U-shaped it shows the existence of economies of scale. B When the LRAC curve is upward-sloping beyond output OQ it shows the existence of diseconomies of scale. C When the minimum point of SRAC2 is below that of SRAC1 it shows the existence of the law of variable proportions. D When the minimum point of SRAC2 is below that of SRAC3 it shows the existence of economies of scale.

Question

What is most likely to rise as a firm expands? A energy costs per unit of output B the cost of components C the cost of monitoring workers D the rate of interest paid on borrowing

Question

In the long run, what is a feature of monopolistic competition, but not of perfect competition? A a small number of buyers B product differentiation C the existence of abnormal profits D the existence of barriers to entry

Question

A small European airline currently produces at point X on its long-run average cost curve. It wants a bigger share of the European airline market and proposes to merge with another small European airline. The newly merged firm would produce at point Y on the long-run average cost curve, as shown. LRAC costs X Y O output Why might the newly merged firm be able to produce at point Y? A The new airline can negotiate discounts when buying fuel. B The new airline has many layers of management. C The new airline is unable to hire enough pilots. D The workforce of the new airline lacks morale and is demotivated.

Question

A firm sells its product to consumers in two separate markets, M and N. Under which conditions will a policy of price discrimination between the two markets be most profitable for the firm? price elasticity price elasticity geographical of demand in of demand in distance between market M market N markets M and N A 1.2 1.2 large B 1.2 1.2 small C 1.8 1.2 large D 1.8 1.2 small

Question

A community relies on a private company to supply electricity using a coal-fired power station. The power station causes air pollution which imposes an external cost shown in the diagram. MSC costs, revenue MPC W X Y Z MPB = MSB O electricity output The government decides to impose a tax on the electricity company to correct market failure. What represents the tax? A WX B WY C XY D YZ

Question

Some workers in a low-paid job decide to work longer hours to increase their disposable income. However, this decision reduces state-provided benefits, leaving them no better off. What does this describe? A debt trap B liquidity trap C poverty trap D unemployment trap

Question

Which policy is likely to be the least effective means of producing a more equal distribution of income amongst households? A the imposition of minimum wage levels below the levels produced by the market B the introduction of progressive personal income taxes C the payment of child benefits to low income households D the removal of sales taxes on food consumed by lower income households

Question

The table shows the main characteristics of employment in two occupations. occupation X occupation Y average annual wage $100 000 $60 000 number of weeks annual leave 5 weeks 10 weeks average length of working week 48 hours 44 hours job security low high length of training course to obtain job qualification 1 year 2 years What can definitely be deduced from the table? A Those employed in occupation Y attach greater importance to job security. B Those employed in occupation X attach less importance to leisure activities. C There will be more competition for places on training courses to enter occupation X than occupation Y. D Occupation Y has more non-pecuniary advantages than occupation X.

Question

The table shows a firm that has four possible methods of production to make its desired output. Each method has a different cost and causes a different amount of pollution. The government rules that polluting firms must buy pollution permits that cost $90 each. Each permit allows the firm to emit 1 tonne of pollution. No pollution can be emitted without a permit. Which method of production has least total cost? cost of production pollution caused ($ per day) (tonnes per day) A 320 3 B 380 2 C 480 1 D 700 0

Question

How can GDP at market prices be calculated if GDP at factor cost is known? A add taxes, add subsidies B add taxes, subtract subsidies C subtract taxes, add subsidies D subtract taxes, subtract subsidies

Question

Which characteristics of the population, the size of the informal economy and the rate of inflation would mean that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is likely to be relatively accurate as a comparison of the standard of living over time? size of informal rate of population economy inflation A rising large rising B rising small stable C stable large rising D stable small stable

Question

The table gives the percentage of employment in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in four countries. Which country is most likely to be a developed country? primary secondary tertiary sector % sector % sector % A 15 40 45 B 30 40 30 C 35 45 20 D 45 35 20

Question

The diagram shows unemployed persons (in millions) for the years 2000 to 2016 for the European Union. 26 unemployment 24 (millions) 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 12 13 14 15 16 11 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 year During which period was the highest rate of increase in unemployment experienced? A 2006 to 2008 B 2008 to 2010 C 2010 to 2012 D 2012 to 2014

Question

A large coal mine is forced to close because of falling demand for coal as consumers switch to less-polluting fuels. The government organises retraining courses and recruitment events for the coal mine workers. Which type of unemployment is the government trying to reduce? A cyclical B seasonal C structural D technological

Question

Economists have proposed that the best policy to promote development is ‘trade not aid’. What is implied by this proposal? A Developing countries should become self-sufficient. B Developing countries should be given greater access to markets in developed countries. C Developing countries should use foreign aid to invest in their export industries. D Developing countries should use trade barriers to promote import substitution.

Question

The table shows the values of selected macroeconomic variables over a period. year 1 year 2 ($m) ($m) investment 200 220 saving 180 190 exports 100 110 imports 120 140 government expenditure 150 160 taxation 150 160 equilibrium national income 1800 2000 What is the value of the multiplier? A 2 B 4 C 5 D 10

Question

What is most likely to increase if an economy enters a negative output gap? A business confidence B economic growth rate C inflation rate D unemployment rate

Question

Under which conditions will a Keynesian expansionary fiscal policy be most likely to take an economy out of a recession without too much inflation? demand wage aggregate for money flexibility supply curve A interest elastic high price elastic B interest inelastic high price inelastic C interest elastic low price elastic D interest inelastic low price inelastic

Question

What would cause an increase in the transactions demand for money? A a fall in the price of bonds B an increase in nominal national income C an increase in the rate of interest D an increase in unemployment

Question

What may lead to a reduction in bank lending in a country? A an increase in commercial banks’ balances with the central bank B an increase in the liquidity ratios operated by the country’s commercial banks C an increase in the monetary base of the country D an increase in the volume of liquid assets held by the country’s commercial banks

Question

The table gives details of the inflation and unemployment rates for different countries in 2008 and 2011. inflation rate unemployment rate country (% per annum) (% of workforce) 2008 2011 2008 2011 Canada 2.38 2.89 6.15 7.47 France 3.16 2.29 7.81 9.68 Germany 2.75 2.48 7.60 5.98 Japan 1.37 –0.28 3.99 4.55 Which country or countries experienced a trade-off between their inflation and unemployment rates? A Canada and Germany B Canada only C France and Japan D France only

Question

The government decides to raise the rate of Value Added Tax (General Sales Tax). What does this suggest is the government’s main macroeconomic objective? A to reduce the budget deficit B to reduce the inequality of income distribution C to reduce the level of unemployment D to reduce the rate of inflation