Biology 0610/42 February/March 2022: question paper and mark scheme
Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610), Paper 4 Theory (Extended), February/March 2022. Read both free below, or download them. Done the paper? Get it marked by AI against this mark scheme.
(a) (i) State the name of the gas exchange surface in humans.
…… [1]
(ii) State two features of the gas exchange surface in humans.
1 ……
2 ……
[2]
(b) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the gas exchange system in humans.
trachea
diaphragm
Fig. 1.1
(i) Draw a label line and the letter X on Fig. 1.1 to identify an external intercostal muscle. [1]
(ii) State the name of the tissue that forms C-shaped structures in the wall of the trachea and state its function.
name ……
function ……
[2]
(iii) Describe the effects on the thorax of contraction of the diaphragm.
…… [2]
(c) Table 1.1 compares the composition of inspired and expired air.
Table 1.1
percentage in percentage in gas name of the gas inspired air expired air
A nitrogen 78 78
B 21 16
C 0.04 4
D variable saturated
(i) Complete Table 1.1 by writing the names of gases B, C and D. [3]
(ii) For gas B and gas C, explain the differences in the percentages shown in Table 1.1 between inspired and expired air.
…… [3]
[Total: 14]
Mark scheme
1(a)(i) alveoli / alveolus ; 1
1(a)(ii) any two from: 2
large surface area ;
thin surface / short diffusion distance ;
good blood supply ;
good ventilation (with air) ;
AVP ;
1(b)(i) correct label line with the label X to the external intercostal muscle ; 1
1(b)(ii) name cartilage ; 2
function support / prevent collapse / allows movement of air ;
1(b)(iii) increases in volume ; 2
decreases in pressure ;
1(c)(i) B oxygen ; 3
C carbon dioxide ;
D water vapour ;
1(c)(ii) ref. to (aerobic) respiration ; 3
B / oxygen, is a reactant of respiration / diffuses across alveoli / into
cells or blood ;
C / carbon dioxide, is a product of respiration / diffuses across
alveoli / out of cells or blood ;
(a) Fig. 2.1 is a photomicrograph showing the fertilisation of one human egg cell.
sperm
Fig. 2.1
Describe and explain the adaptations of the cells shown in Fig. 2.1 that enable fertilisation and early development of the embryo to occur.
…… [6]
(b) People can use artificial insemination (AI) or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to increase their chance of becoming pregnant.
(i) Outline the process of artificial insemination.
…… [3]
(ii) Outline how the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) differs from artificial insemination (AI).
…… [2]
(iii) Describe the social implications of fertility treatments.
…… [4]
[Total: 15]
Mark scheme
2(a) sperm (max. four from): 6
1 presence of acrosome (containing enzymes) ;
2 idea of enzymes, digest / breakdown, egg membrane / jelly coat ;
3 many mitochondria ;
4 for respiration / to release energy (for swimming) ;
5 flagellum / streamlined shape ;
6 for, swimming / movement / locomotion ;
egg:
7 energy / (named) nutrient, stores ;
8 energy / (named) nutrients for, development of
embryo / mitosis / cell division ;
9 jelly coat ;
10 (hardens) to prevent other sperm from entering (after
fertilisation) ;
both:
11 haploid (nuclei) / half the normal number of chromosomes or 23
chromosomes in, sperm / egg ;
12 gametes are haploid so, correct number of chromosomes in
/ 46 chromosomes in / diploid, zygote ;
2(b)(i) any three from: 3
sample of, semen / sperm, collected / donated ;
sperm, washed / concentrated ;
(semen / sperm) inserted into vagina / uterus / near cervix ;
ref. to (sperm insertion) at the time of fertility ;
ref. to fertility drugs ;
2(b)(ii) any two from: 2
gametes collected from both parents / eggs harvested or collected ;
fertilisation occurs, outside the body / in a dish / not in oviduct ;
fertilisation can occur by injecting sperm into the egg ;
embryo inserted ;
more invasive / surgical procedure (in reference to egg collection) ;
AVP ; e.g. screening of embryos
2(b)(iii) any four from: 4
1 treatments are expensive ;
2 idea that there are questions over who will fund treatments ;
3 risk of multiple, births / children / pregnancies ;
4 poor success rates ;
5 ref to emotional stress / ref to not knowing heritage ;
6 ethical / religious / cultural, issues, with fertility treatment process ;
7 allows people who have lost their partners to have children ;
8 allows people undergoing cancer treatment to have children ;
9 lower chance of genetic diseases if embryos screened ;
10 allows infertile people to have children ;
11 allows older people to have children ;
12 spare embryos can be used for, medical
research / treatments / stem cells ;
13 AVP ; e.g screening for features in embryos
(a) A scientist investigated the effect of temperature on the mass of leaves picked from a tea plant, Camellia sinensis.
• Three samples of leaves were picked and the mass of each sample of leaves was recorded.
• Each sample of leaves was kept at a different temperature for four hours.
• After four hours, the mass of each sample of leaves was measured and recorded again.
• The scientist then calculated the final mass as a percentage of the initial mass for each sample.
Fig. 3.1 shows the results.
100
final mass as a 90 percentage of the initial mass 80
70
0 10 20 30 40 temperature at which the leaves were kept / °C
Fig. 3.1
(i) Explain the results shown in Fig. 3.1.
…… [5]
(ii) State one factor, other than temperature, that would affect the loss of mass from the leaves of a plant.
…… [1]
(b) Fig. 3.2 is a photomicrograph of the tissue that transports water and mineral ions in a plant.
Fig. 3.2
(i) State the name of the tissue shown in Fig. 3.2.
…… [1]
(ii) Describe how the tissue shown in Fig. 3.2 is adapted for its functions in the plant.
…… [3]
(c) Explain how mineral ions enter a plant.
…… [3]
[Total: 13]
Mark scheme
3(a)(i) any five from: 5
1 as temperature increases the mass (of leaves) decreases / AW ;
2 by (increased) transpiration ;
3 evaporation increases ;
4 from surface of the mesophyll cells ;
5 due to increased (kinetic) energy of water molecules ;
6 diffusion of water vapour increases ;
7 through stomata ;
3(a)(ii) humidity / AVP ; 1 e.g. windspeed
3(b)(i) xylem ; 1
3(b)(ii) any three from: 3
1 hollow / no cell contents, to reduce resistance / allow efficient
flow ;
2 no end walls, to reduce resistance / allow efficient flow ;
3 large cross-sectional area / wide, to allow transport of large
volume of water ;
4 lignin to, prevent collapse / provide support / provide strength ;
5 waterproof to prevent water loss ;
6 AVP ; e.g. bordered pits for lateral fluid transport
3(c) any three from: 3
into the root hair (cell) ;
by active transport ;
against a concentration gradient / AW ;
using energy ;
using carrier proteins (in the cell membrane) ;
(also / initially) by diffusion ;
(a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.
plasmid
DNA
ribosomes
capsule
cell wall
cytoplasm
flagellum
Fig. 4.1
(i) Describe two similarities and two differences between a palisade mesophyll cell and the bacterial cell shown in Fig. 4.1.
similarity 1 ……
similarity 2 ……
difference 1 ……
difference 2 ……
[4]
(ii) Explain how the cholera bacterium causes diarrhoea.
…… [3]
(b) A scientist tested the resistance of one strain of bacteria to different antibiotics.
The scientist tested solutions of five different antibiotics, A to E.
She soaked a paper disc in each antibiotic solution.
The paper discs with antibiotics were placed in a Petri dish containing bacteria on agar jelly.
Fig. 4.2 is a diagram of the appearance of the Petri dish after 48 hours. The shaded areas show where bacteria grew. The clear areas show where bacteria did not grow.
area where bacteria grew
A
E
B clear area paper disc where bacteria with antibiotic did not grow
D
C
Fig. 4.2
(i) The strain of bacteria used in this investigation causes a disease.
Using the information in Fig. 4.2, explain why antibiotic E would be the most effective at treating this disease.
…… [1]
(ii) The results in Fig. 4.2 show that this strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic A.
Five years ago, a similar investigation found that the clear area for antibiotic A was the same size as antibiotic B is in Fig. 4.2.
Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
…… [4]
(iii) Describe how to minimise the risk of antibiotic B developing the same results as antibiotic A.
…… [1]
[Total: 13]
Mark scheme
4(a)(i) similarities max two from: 4
(presence of) cell wall ;
(presence of) cell membrane ;
(presence of) DNA / genetic material ;
(presence of) ribosomes ;
(presence of) cytoplasm ;
differences max two from:
no plasmids ;
no flagella ;
no capsule ;
no loop of DNA ;
presence of chloroplasts ;
presence of mitochondria ;
presence of nucleus ;
presence of large vacuole ;
AVP ;
4(a)(ii) any three from: 3
bacteria releases a toxin ;
causing chloride ion, secretion / AW, (into small intestine) ;
reducing water potential (in the gut) ;
ref. to osmosis / osmotic movement ;
water moves, into gut / into intestine / out of cells / AW ;
4(b)(i) largest clear area / has prevented most growth / killed the most 1
bacteria / AVP ; e.g. bacteria has no resistance (to antibiotic E)
4(b)(ii) any four from: 4
1 ref. to natural selection ;
2 ref. to mutation ;
3 bacteria without resistance die / bacteria with resistance survive ;
4 (resistant / surviving, bacteria) multiply ;
5 passing their, alleles / genes, (for resistance) on to their offspring ;
6 AVP ; e.g. ref. antibiotics destroy bacterial cell
walls / resistance passed through plasmids
4(b)(iii) only take antibiotics when needed / complete the course of 1
treatment / restrict the use of antibiotic B ;
The Arabian oryx and the northern white rhinoceros are both mammals.
Fig. 5.1 is a photograph of an Arabian oryx. Fig. 5.2 is a photograph of a northern white rhinoceros.
Fig. 5.1
Fig. 5.2
(a) Describe two pieces of evidence visible in Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2 that show these animals are mammals.
1 ……
2 ……
[2]
(b) Different conservation methods are used to try to prevent species from becoming extinct.
A population of the Arabian oryx and a population of northern white rhinoceros were monitored.
Fig. 5.3 shows how the population size of each species has changed over time.
350 35
300 30
250 25
number of 200 20 number of northern
Arabian white oryx
150 15 rhinoceros
100 10
50 5
0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 year key:
Arabian oryx northern white rhinoceros
Fig. 5.3
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of Arabian oryx between 1990 and
2000.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
Space for working.
…… %
[3]
(ii) Describe the data for the northern white rhinoceros shown in Fig. 5.3.
…… [3]
(c) Suggest the conservation methods that were used to increase the number of Arabian oryx between 1978 and 2000.
…… [3]
(d) Explain the risks to the northern white rhinoceros species as a result of its population size.
…… [3]
[Total: 14]
Mark scheme
5(a) hair / fur ; 2
external ears / pinnae ;
5(b)(i) 247 ;;; 3 MP1 correct readings from graph of 75 and 260
MP2 correct calculation
(185÷75) × 100 = 246.66
MP3 correct rounding to 3 significant figures
ecf MP2 and MP3
5(b)(ii) any three from: 3
overall decrease in numbers / ref to increase then decrease ;
in 1980 there are 15 rhinoceros ;
(numbers of rhinoceros) increase to 32 in 2003 ;
(numbers of rhinoceros) decrease to 2 in 2020 ;
data manipulation ;
correct comparison of difference in rate of, increase / decrease ;
5(c) any three from: 3
providing, habitats / protected areas / AW ;
(laws to) prevent / limit, hunting / poaching ;
education / AW ;
(captive) breeding programmes / use of AI ;
AVP ;;; e.g. reintroduction programmes / legislation
5(d) any three from: 3
1 inbreeding ;
2 lack of genetic diversity ;
3 increased risk of genetic diseases / mutation ;
4 reduced ability to survive changes in the environment ;
5 increased risk of extinction ;
6 only small population, sex unknown / difficult to locate each
other / too old to breed ;
7 AVP ;
(a) Complete Table 6.1 to show the names, functions and sites of action of the three different digestive enzymes.
Table 6.1
name of enzyme function site of action
pepsin
trypsin
breaks down maltose to glucose
[3]
(b) Enzymes are proteins.
Fig. 6.1 shows the stages involved in protein synthesis.
A – codes for a protein
DNA
stage 1
nuclear membrane
DNA
stage 2
nuclear membrane
stage 3 B
C
not to scale
Fig. 6.1
(i) State the name of the parts represented by the letters A and C in Fig. 6.1.
A ……
C ……
[2]
(ii) Describe the events that occur during stage 2 in Fig. 6.1.
…… [2]
(iii) State what determines the order in which the parts labelled B are assembled.
…… [1]
(c) The shape of a protein is very important for its function.
Explain the importance of shape for the function of an enzyme.
…… [3]
[Total: 11]
Mark scheme
6(a) 3
name of
function site of action one mark for each correct row
enzyme
breaks down protein to,
pepsin stomach
amino acids / (poly)peptides
breaks down protein
trypsin / polypeptides, to amino acids small intestine
/ peptides
intestinal
maltase breaks down maltose to glucose epithelium
/ small intestine
;;;
6(b)(i) A gene / allele ; 2
C ribosome ;
6(b)(ii) mRNA / a copy of the, gene or A ; 2
moves out of, the nucleus (to the cytoplasm) ;
6(b)(iii) the sequence of bases in, mRNA / DNA / gene ; 1
6(c) ref. to specificity ; 3
(shape of) active site and substrate must be complementary ;
to enable, enzyme and substrate to bind / enzyme-substrate
complexes to be formed ;
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Biology 0610/42 for February/March 2022 is out of 80 marks, with 1 hour 15 minutes to answer it, across 6 questions.
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